ACTIVE SHOOTER ATTACK PREVENTION AND PREPAREDNESS (ASAPP): an options-based training platform that provides civilians with resources to develop plans and responses for an active shooter attack AVERTED ATTACK: refers to a situation where a potential attack was prevented based on tips and observations CIVILIAN INTERVENTION: instances where individuals who are not law enforcement or security personnel intervened or attempted to intervene to end an active shooter incident IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE (IED): a device placed or fabricated in an improvised manner, incorporating destructive, lethal, noxious, pyrotechnic, or incendiary chemicals, designed to destroy, incapacitate, injure, harass, or distract
