33 claims on pp. 15–98 (fact 20, statement 5, evidence 4, conclusion 2, definition 2).
The attacker key findings box lists stressors, elicited concern, prior criminal charges, and domestic violence history as key findings.
KEY FINDINGS FOR ATTACKERS
Why inferred Key findings box is a summary judgement; its statistics are restated from the body text.
Nearly all attackers (n = 47, 92%) experienced noteworthy life stressors within five years of their attack.
Sample (n = 47 of 51) · attackers, all affiliation types
Nearly all attackers (n = 47, 92%) experienced noteworthy life stressors within five years of their attack.
Stressors frequently included financial difficulties (n = 28, 55%).
Sample (n = 28 of 51) · attackers, all affiliation types
financial difficulties (n = 28, 55%)
Stressors also included problems in the attacker's personal life (n = 24, 47%).
Sample (n = 24 of 51) · attackers, all affiliation types
problems in their personal lives (n = 24, 47%)
Stressors also included employment-related issues (n = 23, 45%), such as conflicts with coworkers or disciplinary actions or termination at work.
Sample (n = 23 of 51) · attackers, all affiliation types
employment-related issues (n = 23, 45%)
In many cases, attackers experienced multiple stressors at once.
In many cases, attackers experienced multiple stressors at once.
A 22-year-old U.S. military service member facing health, family, peer, and performance stressors, and seeking mental health care for sleep, coping, and belonging problems, fatally shot two civilian workers and injured a third on base before dying by suicide.
A 22-year-old service member in the U.S. military, armed with his service rifle and handgun, fatally shot two civilian workers and injured a third on base
As an example of multiple stressors, a U.S. military service member experienced a number of personal and professional stressors in the year leading up to his attack.
For instance, a U.S. military service member experienced a number of personal and professional stressors in the year leading up to his attack.
In the year before the attack, the service member experienced chronic pain from a motorcycle accident, a loved one's ailing health, harassment from peers, and numerous work reprimands and citations for poor performance and tardiness.
Within the year prior to the attack, the attacker experienced multiple stressors, including chronic pain resulting from a motorcycle accident, the ailing health of a loved one, harassment from peers, and numerous reprimands and citations at work due to poor performance and tardiness.
The Key Findings for Employees box lists grievances, stressors, elicited concern, concerning communications, and current employment.
KEY FINDINGS FOR EMPLOYEES
Why inferred Key findings box is a summary judgement; its statistics are restated from the body text.
The Key Findings for Employees box states that 91% of employee attackers had at least one stressor within five years of their attack.
Sample (n = 20 of 22) · current or former employee attackers (22 attacks, each by a lone attacker)
91% of attackers had at least one stressor within five years of their attack.
Most employee attackers (n = 20, 91%) had significant stressors within five years of their attack.
Sample (n = 20 of 22) · current or former employee attackers (22 attacks, each by a lone attacker)
Most employee attackers (n = 20, 91%) had significant stressors within five years of their attack.
Financial difficulties were among the most common stressors of employee attackers (n = 13, 59%).
Sample (n = 13 of 22) · current or former employee attackers (22 attacks, each by a lone attacker)
financial difficulties (n = 13, 59%)
16 of 22 employee attackers (73%) experienced employment-related issues, one of the most common stressor types.
Sample (n = 16 of 22) · current or former employee attackers (22 attacks, each by a lone attacker)
employment-related issues (n = 16, 73%)
The key findings box reports that 60% experienced a triggering event prior to their attack.
Sample (n = 12 of 20) · customer, client, patient, and visitor attackers
60% experienced a triggering event prior to their attack
Over half (n = 12, 60%) of the customer, client, patient, and visitor attackers appeared to experience a specific triggering event prior to attacking.
Sample (n = 12 of 20) · customer, client, patient, and visitor attackers
Over half (n = 12, 60%) of the customer, client, patient, and visitor attackers appeared to experience a specific triggering event prior to perpetrating an attack
All triggering events occurred within one month of the attack, ranging from 2.5 hours to 2-4 weeks before the incident.
These triggering events all occurred within one month of the attack, ranging from 2.5 hours to 2-4 weeks prior to the incident
The triggers included a spouse saying they were filing for divorce, an attacker being served an eviction notice or protective order, a lawsuit dismissal, and being fired from a job.
a spouse saying they were filing for divorce
While court records alone do not indicate a threat, when reviewed in context with other stressors or criminal behaviors they can help BTAM teams identify a history of aggression, violence, or signs of instability or distress.
when reviewed in context with other stressors or criminal behaviors present in the individual's background
Publicly available court records such as criminal charges, convictions, protective orders, civil lawsuits, eviction filings, and bankruptcy declarations, found on many judicial and governmental websites, can provide relevant context about an individual's legal history or other stressors.
Publicly available court records (e.g., criminal charges, convictions, protective orders, civil lawsuits, eviction filings, bankruptcy declarations), which can be found on many judicial and governmental websites, can provide relevant context about an individual’s legal history or other stressors.
Stressors are significant setbacks, losses, and other life challenges that may be acute or chronic, across family, social, work, health, and legal domains.
Significant setbacks, losses, and other life challenges that may be acute
Stressors can be experienced across several life domains, including family/romantic relationships, social interactions, work or school environments, personal health, legal actions, and other identified areas. Specific examples include being bullied or harassed by others, financial instability, job loss, divorce or child custody issues, and failed life aspirations.
Specific examples include being bullied or harassed by others, financial instability, job loss, divorce or child custody issues, and failed life aspirations.
Before the attack, the attacker had several stressors, including financial hardship and strained relationships inside and outside the workplace.
Prior to his attack, the attacker experienced several stressors in his life, including financial hardship and strained relationships both inside and outside of the workplace.
Three years before the attack, the attacker was a victim of physical assault in a parking lot.
Three years prior to his attack, he was also a victim of physical assault in a parking lot.
BTAM teams should identify and address behavioral and situational factors that are objectively concerning, such as personal or workplace stressors.
BTAM teams should work to identify and address behavioral and situational factors that are objectively concerning, such as personal or workplace stressors.
Data Table 2 (Attacker Data) reports gender, age range, race/ethnicity, arrests/charges, history of domestic violence, mental health symptoms, stressors, concerning communications, elicited concern, bullying/harassment, inappropriate interest in violence or weapons, and behavior change for all attackers (n = 51) and for current or former employees (n = 22), customers, clients, patients, and visitors (n = 20), and romantic partners and relatives (n = 9). The column ns printed are 51 | 22 | 20 | 9.
ATTACKER DATA
Data Table 2 reports stressors within 5 years of the attack for 92% of all attackers (n = 51), 91% of current or former employees (n = 22), 95% of customers, clients, patients, and visitors (n = 20), and 89% of romantic partners and relatives (n = 9).
Sample (N = 51 | 22 | 20 | 9 by column) · Data Table 2 columns: all attackers 51 | employees 22 | customers, clients, patients, visitors 20 | partners and relatives 9
**Stressors (within 5 years of attack)** | 92% | 91% | 95% | 89%
Data Table 2 reports a triggering event for 43% of all attackers (n = 51), 32% of current or former employees (n = 22), 60% of customers, clients, patients, and visitors (n = 20), and 33% of romantic partners and relatives (n = 9).
Sample (N = 51 | 22 | 20 | 9 by column) · Data Table 2 columns: all attackers 51 | employees 22 | customers, clients, patients, visitors 20 | partners and relatives 9
Triggering Event | 43% | 32% | 60% | 33%
Data Table 2 reports financial instability for 55% of all attackers (n = 51), 59% of current or former employees (n = 22), 55% of customers, clients, patients, and visitors (n = 20), and 44% of romantic partners and relatives (n = 9).
Sample (N = 51 | 22 | 20 | 9 by column) · Data Table 2 columns: all attackers 51 | employees 22 | customers, clients, patients, visitors 20 | partners and relatives 9
Financial Instability | 55% | 59% | 55% | 44%
Data Table 2 reports personal stressors for 47% of all attackers (n = 51), 50% of current or former employees (n = 22), 45% of customers, clients, patients, and visitors (n = 20), and 44% of romantic partners and relatives (n = 9).
Sample (N = 51 | 22 | 20 | 9 by column) · Data Table 2 columns: all attackers 51 | employees 22 | customers, clients, patients, visitors 20 | partners and relatives 9
Personal Stressors | 47% | 50% | 45% | 44%
Data Table 2 reports romantic stressors for 39% of all attackers (n = 51), 26% of current or former employees (n = 22), 25% of customers, clients, patients, and visitors (n = 20), and 78% of romantic partners and relatives (n = 9).
Sample (N = 51 | 22 | 20 | 9 by column) · Data Table 2 columns: all attackers 51 | employees 22 | customers, clients, patients, visitors 20 | partners and relatives 9
Romantic Stressors | 39% | 26% | 25% | 78%
Data Table 2 reports employment stressors for 45% of all attackers (n = 51), 73% of current or former employees (n = 22), 15% of customers, clients, patients, and visitors (n = 20), and 44% of romantic partners and relatives (n = 9).
Sample (N = 51 | 22 | 20 | 9 by column) · Data Table 2 columns: all attackers 51 | employees 22 | customers, clients, patients, visitors 20 | partners and relatives 9
Employment Stressors | 45% | 73% | 15% | 44%
Attridge, M. (2022). Profile of small employers in the United States and the importance of employee assistance programs during the COVID-19 pandemic. American Journal of Health Promotion, 36(7). www.pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
Profile of small employers in the United States and the importance of employee assistance programs during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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