35 claims on pp. 3–97 (fact 25, statement 5, evidence 4, definition 1).
The publication combines NTAC's research on workplace mass attacks with operational guidance for implementing behavioral threat assessment and management programs.
with our latest operational guidance to assist organizations in implementing behavioral threat assessment and management programs
NTAC's 2023 report Mass Attacks in Public Spaces: 2016–2020 examined mass violence in public and semi-public spaces over five years.
In 2023, NTAC published Mass Attacks in Public Spaces: 2016 – 2020, a report that examined 173 acts of mass violence
The 2023 report examined 173 acts of mass violence in public and semi-public spaces across the United States over a five-year period.
examined 173 acts of mass violence perpetrated in public and semi-public spaces across the United States over a five-year period
In NTAC's 2023 Mass Attacks in Public Spaces: 2016-2020 study (173 attacks), businesses were the most frequent type of location impacted by mass violence, including restaurants, bars, banks, office spaces, warehouses, and hospitals.
One key finding from the study was that businesses were the most frequent type of location impacted by acts of mass violence
Part 1 presents NTAC research findings on mass attacks in workplace settings, including attackers' background characteristics and behavioral history.
mass attacks perpetrated in workplace settings, including the background characteristics and behavioral history of the attackers
The 50 analyzed incidents are a subset of a population of 173 mass attacks described in NTAC's 2023 report.
The 50 incidents analyzed in this study are a subset from a population of 173 mass attacks
The incidents were perpetrated in public or semi-public workplaces, including restaurants, bars, retail outlets, service centers, manufacturing and distribution facilities, healthcare settings, educational institutions, and military installations.
were perpetrated in public or semi-public workplaces, including restaurants, bars, retail outlets, service centers, manufacturing and distribution facilities, healthcare settings, educational institutions, and military installations
An individual is known or knowable when their identity, affiliation, or patterns of behavior are already recognized or can reasonably be identified through frequent or substantive contact with the workplace.
An individual is known or knowable when their identity, affiliation, or patterns of behavior are either already recognized (i.e., known) or can reasonably be identified (i.e., knowable) based upon their frequent or substantive contact with the workplace.
The section presents findings on the characteristics of the attacks and on the backgrounds and behavioral histories of the attackers.
We present findings on the characteristics of the attacks and the backgrounds and behavioral histories of the attackers.
The report examines 50 attacks. These were the attacks analyzed across the study.
Across the 50 attacks examined
Location-type totals exceed 50 because 3 attacks took place in more than one location type.
Total will exceed 50 as 3 attacks took place in more than one location type.
Many different types of workplaces were impacted by these incidents of mass violence, as shown in Table 1.
Many different types of workplaces were impacted by these incidents of mass violence, as illustrated in Table 1.
Table 1 reports that retail and services locations were impacted in 14 attacks (28%).
Sample (n = 14 of 50) · incidents (attacks) in the study
Retail/Services | 14 | 28%
Table 1 reports that open spaces were impacted in 4 attacks (8%).
Sample (n = 4 of 50) · incidents (attacks) in the study
Open Spaces | 4 | 8%
Table 1 reports that residential community locations were impacted in 2 attacks (4%).
Sample (n = 2 of 50) · incidents (attacks) in the study
Residential Community | 2 | 4%
Table 1 reports that non-profit services locations were impacted in 2 attacks (4%).
Sample (n = 2 of 50) · incidents (attacks) in the study
Non-profit Services | 2 | 4%
Table 1 reports that government locations were impacted in 2 attacks (4%).
Sample (n = 2 of 50) · incidents (attacks) in the study
Government | 2 | 4%
Table 1 reports that an education location was impacted in 1 attack (2%).
Sample (n = 1 of 50) · incidents (attacks) in the study
Education | 1 | 2%
Table 1 reports that a military location was impacted in 1 attack (2%).
Sample (n = 1 of 50) · incidents (attacks) in the study
Military | 1 | 2%
All but one of the 50 incidents examined were perpetrated by a single attacker.
All but one of the 50 incidents examined were perpetrated by a single attacker.
In Mass Attacks in Public Spaces: 2016-2020 (2023), NTAC found that 41% of individuals who engaged in mass attacks in public or semi-public spaces, including workplaces, had a prior history of domestic violence, including intimate partner violence.
Sample (n = undeterminable of undeterminable) · NTAC Mass Attacks in Public Spaces: 2016-2020 (2023), a different study
41% of individuals who engaged in mass attacks in public or semi-public spaces, including workplaces, had a prior history of domestic violence
cite page 52 Step 4: Identify and Process Reports of Concerning Behavior
The 41% and 29% figures come from NTAC's 2023 study Mass Attacks in Public Spaces: 2016-2020.
Sample (n = undeterminable of undeterminable) · NTAC Mass Attacks in Public Spaces: 2016-2020 (2023), a different study
In Mass Attacks in Public Spaces: 2016 – 2020 (2023), NTAC found
cite page 52 Step 4: Identify and Process Reports of Concerning Behavior
In the same 2023 NTAC study, mass attackers in 29% of incidents were motivated at least in part by a domestic grievance.
Sample (n = undeterminable of undeterminable) · NTAC Mass Attacks in Public Spaces: 2016-2020 (2023), a different study
In 29% of the incidents, mass attackers were motivated to carry out their attack, at least in part, by a domestic grievance.
cite page 52 Step 4: Identify and Process Reports of Concerning Behavior
Data Table 1 (Incident Data) reports weapons, location types, motives, total casualties (injured and killed), and resolution for all attacks (n = 50) and for current or former employees (n = 22), customers, clients, patients, and visitors (n = 19), and romantic partners and relatives (n = 9). The column ns printed are 50 | 22 | 19 | 9.
APPENDICES: DATA TABLE 1
Data Table 1 column headers give all attacks as n = 50 / 29%, current or former employees as n = 22 / 13%, customers, clients, patients, and visitors as n = 19 / 11%, and romantic partners and relatives as n = 9 / 5%.
Sample (n = 50 of 173) · mass attacks (2016-2020) in the NTAC 2023 population from which the 50 workplace incidents were drawn
| INCIDENT DATA | All Attacks<br>n = 50 / 29% | Current or Former Employees<br>n = 22 / 13% | Customers, Clients, Patients, and Visitors<br>n = 19 / 11% | Romantic Partners and Relatives<br>n = 9 / 5% |
Why inferred table header: the column headers are printed in the table; the <br> marks the line break inside each printed header cell and is not printed text
An asterisk on the Weapons, Location Types and Motives rows of Data Table 1 indicates multiple responses, so percentages within those sections can sum to more than 100%.
Sample (N = 50 | 22 | 19 | 9 by column) · Data Table 1 columns: all attacks 50 | employees 22 | customers, clients, patients, visitors 19 | partners and relatives 9
*Indicates multiple responses.
Data Table 1 reports businesses as the location type in 86% of all attacks (n = 50), 95% of attacks by current or former employees (n = 22), 74% by customers, clients, patients, and visitors (n = 19), and 89% by romantic partners and relatives (n = 9).
Sample (N = 50 | 22 | 19 | 9 by column) · Data Table 1 columns: all attacks 50 | employees 22 | customers, clients, patients, visitors 19 | partners and relatives 9
Businesses | 86% | 95% | 74% | 89%
Data Table 1 reports ideology as a motive in 2% of all attacks (n = 50), 0% of attacks by current or former employees (n = 22), 5% by customers, clients, patients, and visitors (n = 19), and 0% by romantic partners and relatives (n = 9).
Sample (N = 50 | 22 | 19 | 9 by column) · Data Table 1 columns: all attacks 50 | employees 22 | customers, clients, patients, visitors 19 | partners and relatives 9
Ideology | 2% | 0% | 5% | 0%
Data Table 1 reports fame or notoriety as a motive in 2% of all attacks (n = 50), 5% of attacks by current or former employees (n = 22), 0% by customers, clients, patients, and visitors (n = 19), and 0% by romantic partners and relatives (n = 9).
Sample (N = 50 | 22 | 19 | 9 by column) · Data Table 1 columns: all attacks 50 | employees 22 | customers, clients, patients, visitors 19 | partners and relatives 9
Fame or Notoriety | 2% | 5% | 0% | 0%
Data Table 1 reports a desire to kill as a motive in 4% of all attacks (n = 50), 5% of attacks by current or former employees (n = 22), 5% by customers, clients, patients, and visitors (n = 19), and 0% by romantic partners and relatives (n = 9).
Sample (N = 50 | 22 | 19 | 9 by column) · Data Table 1 columns: all attacks 50 | employees 22 | customers, clients, patients, visitors 19 | partners and relatives 9
Desire to kill | 4% | 5% | 5% | 0%
Data Table 1 reports an other motive in 2% of all attacks (n = 50), 5% of attacks by current or former employees (n = 22), 0% by customers, clients, patients, and visitors (n = 19), and 0% by romantic partners and relatives (n = 9).
Sample (N = 50 | 22 | 19 | 9 by column) · Data Table 1 columns: all attacks 50 | employees 22 | customers, clients, patients, visitors 19 | partners and relatives 9
| Other | 2% | 5% | 0% | 0% | | Undetermined | 6% | 0% | 16% | 0% |
Data Table 1 reports the motive as undetermined in 6% of all attacks (n = 50), 0% of attacks by current or former employees (n = 22), 16% by customers, clients, patients, and visitors (n = 19), and 0% by romantic partners and relatives (n = 9).
Sample (N = 50 | 22 | 19 | 9 by column) · Data Table 1 columns: all attacks 50 | employees 22 | customers, clients, patients, visitors 19 | partners and relatives 9
Undetermined | 6% | 0% | 16% | 0%
Data Table 2 (Attacker Data) reports gender, age range, race/ethnicity, arrests/charges, history of domestic violence, mental health symptoms, stressors, concerning communications, elicited concern, bullying/harassment, inappropriate interest in violence or weapons, and behavior change for all attackers (n = 51) and for current or former employees (n = 22), customers, clients, patients, and visitors (n = 20), and romantic partners and relatives (n = 9). The column ns printed are 51 | 22 | 20 | 9.
ATTACKER DATA
Data Table 2 column headers give all attackers as n = 51 / 28%, current or former employees as n = 22 / 12%, customers, clients, patients, and visitors as n = 20 / 11%, and romantic partners and relatives as n = 9 / 5%.
Sample (n = 51 of undeterminable) · attackers in the NTAC 2023 population of 173 mass attacks
| ATTACKER DATA | All Attackers<br>n = 51 / 28% | Current or Former Employees<br>n = 22 / 12% | Customers, Clients, Patients, and Visitors<br>n = 20 / 11% | Romantic Partners and Relatives<br>n = 9 / 5% |
Why inferred table header: the column headers are printed in the table; the <br> marks the line break inside each printed header cell and is not printed text
National Threat Assessment Center. (2023). Mass Attacks in Public Spaces: 2016 – 2020. U.S. Secret Service, Department of Homeland Security. www.secretservice.gov/ntac.
National Threat Assessment Center. (2023). Mass Attacks in Public Spaces: 2016 – 2020. U.S. Secret Service, Department of Homeland Security.
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