Definition claims

Active shooter incidents are a subset of gun violence characterized by an individual or individuals actively shooting or attempting to shoot people in a populated area.

Gun violence broadly encompasses all forms of harm involving firearms, such as homicides, gang and drug violence, accidental shootings, and domestic violence.

The FBI defines an active shooter as one or more individuals actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a populated area.

References to incidents and attacks are used throughout this report to indicate an active shooter situation.

An active shooter incident must involve a shooter or shooters using a firearm—whether they successfully discharge the weapon or merely attempt to do so while attempting to kill or harm people.

Conversely, not all firearm related incidents qualify as active shooter incidents, such as: • | Gang violence • | Drug-related violence • | Residential or domestic disputes • | Self-defense • | Barricade/Hostage situation • | Shootings in relation to another criminal act • | Crossfire as a byproduct of another ongoing criminal act

The FBI defines Active Shooter as, “one or more individuals actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a populated area.”

| COMMERCE includes open and closed businesses like retail stores, restaurants, office space, and warehouses;

| EDUCATION includes pre-K schools through institutions of higher learning (IHL);

| GOVERNMENT includes military and non-military properties such as military bases, government owned property and courthouses;

| HEALTH CARE includes hospitals and clinics;

| HOUSE OF WORSHIP includes various religious sites such as churches, mosques, synagogues, and temples;

| OPEN SPACE includes outdoor public areas like streets and parks;

| RESIDENCE includes private homes and apartments.

this report, civilians refer to individuals who are neither law enforcement officers nor security personnel. Members of the military are included as civilians unless they are armed military police or federally deputized members of the National Guard.

The FBI’s BAU-1 distinguishes between types of targeted violence by categorizing acts that involve planning and preparation separately from those that arise impulsively based on an emotional response to situational circumstances.

Targeted acts of violence, or predatory violence are often deliberate and calculated, carried out by perpetrators who carefully consider, plan and prepare their attack.

Non-predatory violence, or violence that occurs as a reaction to an emotional response, can be impulsive and occur without warning.

Definition | One or more individuals actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a populated area | Three or more individuals injured and/or killed in a single incident | Three or more individuals killed in a single incident excluding the shooter

Requires Use or Attempted Use of | Yes | Yes | No Firearm

Number of Casualties Required | None | At least three | At least three fatalities

Exclusionary Factors • | Gang violence • | Drug-related violence • | Residential or domestic disputes • | Self-defense • | Barricade/Hostage situation • | Shootings in relation to another criminal act • | Crossfire as a byproduct of another ongoing criminal act None None

Businesses Open to the Public: Private properties with the primary function of making, buying, or selling goods or providing services in exchange for money where the public is anticipated on a daily basis.

Examples include restaurants, bars, theaters, malls, grocery stores, private civic organization spaces, and event venues.

This category does not include locations otherwise defined more exclusively in another category, such as health care facilities, or institutions of higher education.

Businesses Closed to the Public: Private properties primarily functioning in commerce without daily public traffic.

Examples include office space, manufacturing centers, packaging and distribution facilities and factories, warehouses, assembly plants, and commercial vehicle maintenance, storage, and repair facilities.

Pre-K – 12th Grade: Public and private properties used for educating students from pre-K to 12th grade, including extracurricular activities, as well as school administrative functions such as board and staff meetings.

Institutions of Higher Learning (IHL): Public or private properties used for postsecondary education.

Military Properties: Properties owned by the federal government and primarily reserved for U.S. military use. Examples include military bases, airfields, seaports, and training ranges.

Non-Military Properties: Properties owned by governmental entities, including courthouses, administrative buildings, and town halls. This category does not include locations otherwise defined more exclusively in another category, such as military property or schools.

Public or private facilities that provide primary or secondary health services. Examples include hospitals, clinics, urgent care, hospice care, and assisted living communities.

Public or private facilities used for religiously sponsored activities. This includes commercial properties used as houses of worship at the time of the incident. Examples include churches, temples, synagogues, mosques, and related religious gathering and retreat facilities.

Public or private property that is openly accessible to the public. Incidents are categorized as occurring in an open space when the primary location of the attack is outdoors rather than inside a building.

Examples include incidents involving shooters operating from a moving vehicle or on foot in public streets, parks, or other open-air locations.

Public or private, single-family or multi-family, dwellings occupied by one or more individuals.

Nihilistic Violent Extremism (NVE) encompasses the unlawful use or threat of force or violence, in violation of federal law, in furtherance of political, social, or religious goals that derive primarily from a hatred of society at large and a desire to bring about its collapse by sowing indiscriminate chaos, destruction, and social instability. These networks methodically target and exploit minors and other vulnerable individuals.

ACTIVE SHOOTER (FBI DEFINITION): one or more individuals actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a populated area

ACTIVE SHOOTER ATTACK PREVENTION AND PREPAREDNESS (ASAPP): an options-based training platform that provides civilians with resources to develop plans and responses for an active shooter attack AVERTED ATTACK: refers to a situation where a potential attack was prevented based on tips and observations CIVILIAN INTERVENTION: instances where individuals who are not law enforcement or security personnel intervened or attempted to intervene to end an active shooter incident IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE (IED): a device placed or fabricated in an improvised manner, incorporating destructive, lethal, noxious, pyrotechnic, or incendiary chemicals, designed to destroy, incapacitate, injure, harass, or distract

INSIDER THREAT: an employee, contractor, student, or other individual with legitimate access and/or trust who carries out an active shooter attack LAW ENFORCEMENT EXCHANGE: instances where both the shooter and law enforcement officer(s) discharge firearms at each other

MASS KILLING: three or more individuals killed in a single incident not including the shooter MASS SHOOTING: three or more individuals injured and/or killed in a single incident not including the shooter MULTIPLE LOCATIONS: incidents where an active shooting attack occurred at more than one location PREDATORY BEHAVIOR: incidents when a perpetrator considers, plans, and prepares for the act of violence; they are preceded by observable warning sign behaviors that, if recognized and reported, can provide opportunities for disruption SECURITY INTERVENTION: instances where security personnel intervened or attempted to intervene to end an active shooter incident

SECURITY PERSONNEL: employee(s) or volunteer(s) who protects a building or property but has no sworn law enforcement authority

SHOOTER CONNECTION: refers to the relationship or link between the shooter and the location, victims, or circumstances of the incident 52 Refer to Appendix