Report page 158

American Association for Public Opinion Research, Standard Definition: Final Dispositions of Case Codes and Outcome Rates for Surveys, 2023.

Blad, Evie, “A State Mandated School Threat Assessment. Here’s What It Meant for Students,”

Bohanon, Hank, Lisa Caputo Love, and Kelly Morrissey, Implementing Systematic Interventions: A Guide for Secondary School Teams, Routledge, 2020.

Burr, Riley, Jana Kemp, Ke Wang, and Deanne Swan, Crime, Violence, Discipline, and Safety in U.S. Public Schools: Findings from the School Survey on Crime and Safety: 2021–2022, U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, NCES 2024-043, January 2024.

Carver-Thomas, Desiree, and Linda Darling-Hammond, Teacher Turnover: Why It Matters and What We Can Do About It, Learning Policy Institute, August 2017.

Center on Positive Behavioral Interventions & Supports, Instructional and Restorative Alternatives to Exclusionary Discipline: A Guide to Implementing the Five Components of the Inclusive Skill-Building Learning Approach (ISLA), July 2023.

Child Trends and NASBE—See Child Trends and National Association of State Boards of Education.

Child Trends and National Association of State Boards of Education, “State Policies That Support Healthy Schools,”

Cook, Clayton R., Aaron R. Lyon, Jill Locke, Thomas Waltz, and Byron J. Powell, “Adapting a Compilation of Implementation Strategies to Advance School-Based Implementation Research and Practice,”

Cornell, Dewey G., “Threat Assessment as a School Violence Prevention Strategy,”

Cornell, Dewey G., Korrie Allen, and Xitao Fan, “A Randomized Controlled Study of the Virginia Student Threat Assessment Guidelines in Kindergarten Through Grade 12,”

Cornell, Dewey, Jennifer L. Maeng, Anna Grace Burnette, Yuane Jia, Francis Huang, Timothy Konold, Pooja Datta, Marisa Malone, and Patrick Meyer, “Student Threat Assessment as a Standard School Safety Practice: Results from a Statewide Implementation Study,”

Cornell, Dewey G., Jennifer Maeng, Sonja Winter, Francis Huang, Tim G. Konold, Jordan Kerere, Kelvin Afolabi, and Deanne Cowley, “Behavioral Threat Assessment and Equity in Exclusionary School Discipline,”

Crepeau-Hobson, Franci, and Nancy Leech, “Disciplinary and Nondisciplinary Outcomes of School-Based Threat Assessment in Colorado Schools,”

Diliberti, Melissa, Michael Jackson, Jana Kemp, and Rachel Hansen, Crime, Violence, Discipline, and Safety in U.S. Public Schools: Findings from the School Survey on Crime and Safety: 2015–16, National Center for Education Statistics, NCES 2017-122, July 2017.

Education Resource Strategies, “Examining School-Level Teacher Turnover Trends (2021–2024): A New Angle on a Pervasive Issue,”

Fein, Robert A., Bryan Vossekuil, William S. Pollack, Randy Borum, William Modzeleski, and Marisa Reddy, Threat Assessment in Schools: A Guide to Managing Threatening Situations and to Creating Safe School Climates, U.S. Secret Service and U.S. Department of Education, May 2002.

Florida Department of Education, Florida Harm Prevention and Threat Management Manual, Florida Administrative Code 6A-1.0019, August 19, 2025.

Higgins, Lori, “Whitmer Signs School Safety Legislation into Law,”

Huang, Francis L., and Dewey G. Cornell, “Teacher Support for Zero Tolerance Is Associated with Higher Suspension Rates and Lower Feelings of Safety,”